Summary Reflection of Astronomy Blog

I would say that my overall experience doing this astronomy blog was a good. I feel like I learned a lot of information about different astronomical areas and field through my observations. I have never studied anything related to astronomy before, so having the opportunity to look into to a new area of science was very interesting. The two main areas that I focused on the most were the different Zodiac constellations and the moon phases. I have always been interested in these different constellations. I felt like I was able to learn more about the history and meaning behind the constellations. Also, the information that I looked up about these constellations, I was surprised to learn that these constellations contained so many stars with known planets. I was not aware that there were so many other planets in the universe that are not really mentioned. I would like to why these other planets are just not categorized like the other big planets we are aware of. I also found it interesting that of the forty-eight constellations, all of them were discovered by the same second century astronomer, Ptolemy. On the nights where it was clear to see, it was interesting to observe the different constellations in the sky. It was interesting to navigate through the Mircoobservatory too. In class, we discussed that astronomy is the only area of science solely based on observation. It was nice to have the opportunity to discover a completely different area of science. Another thing that I found interesting was how much pollution and the warming up of planets is affecting the universe. The observations and the different articles I read while looking up information was interesting to read because it focused so much on the pollution problems there are. Overall, the astronomy blog was a good learning experience and helped me understand a different area of science I was not familiar with. 

Word Count: 320

The constellation pictured is known as Bootes. The brightest stars in this constellation form a cone shape. Bootes is also referred to as the Herdsmen. The name Bootes comes from a Sumerian word the means "man who drove the great cart." "The Great Cart" is said to be the Big Dipper. The star, Arcturus, which is the fourth brightest star in the night sky. This star is about twenty times bigger than the sun. Researchers, have reported that Arcturus is coming to the end of its life. Bootes was first categorized by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. Bootes is the thirteenth largest constellation. It is located in the third quadrant of the northern hemisphere. Bootes contains five stars. There are three known meteor showers associated with the constellation Bootes: January Bootids, the June Bootid, and Quadrantids. Bootes has a galaxy associated with it called the Bootes Dwarf Galaxy, which is a spheroidal galaxy. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/bootes-constellation/

The constellation pictured is known as Cygnus. Cygnus is the sixteenth largest constellation. Cygnus contains ten stars total. There are two meteor showers associated with this constellation. Cygnus is a constellation located in the northern hemisphere along the Milky Way. In Latin, Cygnus means swan. This constellation contains an asterism known as the Northern Cross. The constellation is among the 48 constellations that was discovered by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. This constellation contains a star called Denab. This star is one of the brightest in the sky and is part of the Summer Triangle. In Arabic, Denab means "the tail." This constellation is also known very well for having X-ray sources. The Cygnus X-1 is a binary containing X-ray containing a supergiant and unseen possible black hole.  This constellation lies 1,500 light years away from the Earth.  

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/

 

The constellation pictured is known as Canis Major. It has been said that Canis Major follows closely behind Orion. This constellation is located in the second quadrant of the southern hemisphere. The brightest star in Canis Major is known as Sirius, which is also the brightest star in the sky. This constellation is approximately 8.6 light years away. Sirius is also called the "dog star." Sirius is actually a double star. This is also as massive and hotter than the sun itself. Canis Major's second brightest star is known as Adhara. One interesting thing about Canis Major is that there is a star cluster known as M41. There is a total of seven stars within Canis Major. The Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy is an irregular galaxy, roughly elliptical in shape, that is believed to be the nearest neighboring galaxy in the solar system.  This constellation also contains a lot of red giants. These were first discovered in 2003.

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-major-constellation/

The constellation that is pictured is Piscis Austrinus. Piscis is located in the southern hemisphere. In Latin Piscis means "the southern fish." Piscis is the first discovered by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. The constellation is relatively faint, but this constellation has a very bright star. The brightest star in the constellation is called Fomalhaut. This star is also one of the brightest stars in the sky. In the late sixteenth century, a Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius divided some of the stars to create a new constellation called, Grus. Piscis contains three stars and confirmed planets as well. Piscis is usually depicted as a great fish swallowing the water that is flowing from the jar held by, Aquarius. In ancient Egypt, the constellation is associated with the fish that saved goddess Isis, 

http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/piscisaustrinus.htm

 http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/Constellations/Piscis-Austrinus.php    

 

The constellation pictured is Cetus. This constellation is located in the northern hemisphere. This constellation was named after the Cetus, the sea monster from the Greek myth about Andromeda. The constellation Cetus is located in the region of the sky called the Water. Cetus contains the barred spiral galaxy Messier 77 and contains several well-known stars. The stars contained in Cetus: Deneb Kaitos, Menkar, Tau Ceti, and Mira. Cetus is the fourth largest constellation is the sky. Cetus lies in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere. Cetus has fourteen known stars and contains one Messier object. There are three meteor showers associated with Cetus: the October Cetids, the Eta Cetids, and the Omicron Cetids. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/

http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/cetus.htm

The constellation pictured is called Capricornus. This constellation is located in the south hemisphere. Capricornus represents the mixture of a fish and goat and the name actually means "goat horn" in Latin. This is one of the zodiac constellations that was identified by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second century. Capricornus is one of the fainter constellations. Capricornus contains two stars with known planets. It is located very close to the constellation Aquarius. Capricornus contains three bright stars: alpha-2 Capricorni, beta Capricorni, and omega Capricorni. These three stars form a triangle making it easy to find. The constellation originates from the cultures of Sumeria. 

http://earthsky.org/constellations/capricornus-heres-your-constellation 

The nebula pictured is known as the Dumbbell Nebula. The Dumbbell Nebula can be called Apple Core Nebula. The Dumbbell Nebula is a planet nebula in the constellation Vulpecula, The Little Fox. This nebula is the second brightest nebula discovered. This nebula is approximately 1360 light years away. This object was the first planet nebula discovered. The Dumbbell Nebula was first discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. The overall structure of the nebula is said to be prolate spheroid. This nebula is most easily viewed along the equator. Many nebulas contained knots. Patterns of dark and bright knots mark the central region of the nebula. Knots appear is varied in the shapes of their objects. There is a central star within the Dumbbell Nebula, which is known as a white dwarf. 

http://messier.seds.org/m/m027.html

http://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/ 

The star pictured is called Regulus, which is the brightest star in the constellation Leo the Lion. The star at its brightest magnitude shines a bright blueish color. Regulus can be found towards the bottom of the star pattern within the constellation Leo, called the The Sickle. Regulus is centered towards the middle of this pattern and has been called the Heart of the Lion. Regulus is located on the ecliptic, which means that is follows the pattern of the moon, sun, and planet, so it can be seem around the world. Regulus is approximately 77 light-year away. Regulus rotates and spins rapidly. Regulus completes a single rotation within 15 hours, If you observe Regulus it is actually composed of 2 different stars, Altair and Achernar. 

http://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/best-regulus-the-heart-of-the-lion

http://www.space.com/22890-regulus.html

This constellation pictured is known as Cephus. Cephus "the King" is not a very well-known constellation other than the fact that is contains a well-known star Alderamin. Alderamin is also called Alpha Cephei. This star is the brightest in the constellation Cephus. One very interesting thing about this star is that is rotates very rapidly on its axis. Alderamin is a white star, it is considered a Class A star, which is now evolving off of the main sequence into a supergiant. Researchers believe that this star is on its way to becoming a red giant because of its low hydrogen supply. According to scientists this star shines 18x brighter than the Sun. This star rotates so rapidly that it goes through one revolution in less than 12 hours. Cephus lies very close to the north pole, so the star Alderamin is considered a pole star. This constellation is home to the famous red supergiant known as Garnet Star, Cephus is the 27th constellation to be discovered by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/

The phase of the moon that is pictured is the waning gibbous. This phase of the moon appears two to three days after a full moon. The waning gibbous is visible in the early morning hours. The waning of the moon actually means "shrinking" of the moon. The waning phase repeats every 29 days, which is a synodic month. The waning gibbous is directly between the new moon phase and the first quarter phase. The waning gibbous is the direct opposite of the waxing gibbous. It has been said that when the moon is in this phase that the moon represents the Goddess in her Crone Aspect. The period of waning lasts for 14 days. 

http://earthsky.org/moon-phases/waning-gibbous 

 

The constellation pictured in known as Gemini. Gemini is Latin for "twins." Gemini is one of the few constellations that actually looks like the meaning. Gemini is one of the 48 constellations described by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. The constellation is named after the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology. The stars Castor and Pollux are the two brightest stars in the constellation. Another well-known star in the constellation is called Mekbuda, which is a super giant star with a radius 220,000 times the size of the Sun. Gemini also includes Messier object M35, which is part of set of astrominical objects first discovered in 1777 by French astronomer Charles Messier. Gemini is the 30th largest constellation. It is found in the second quadrant in the northern hemisphere. There are two meteor showers associated with this constellation: the Geminids and the Rho Geminids. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/

https://stardate.org/nightsky/constellations/gemini

The planet pictured is Venus. On this date, Venus is at its brightest point in the sky. Venus is the second planet away from the sun. Venus is named after the Roman goddess of beauty and love. In ancient times, Venus was once thought to be the morning and evening star. Venus and Earth are very similar in size, composition, and gravity. Venus is the hottest planet. Venus' atmosphere is primarily carbon dioxide with clouds on sulfuric acid. The rays from the sun leaves no trace of water on Venus' surface, but the rays have left the surface of Venus in a molten-like state. Venus is very mountainous and made up of six different regions. Venus rotates on an opposite way of most planets. It takes Venus around 243 days to rotate on its axis. 

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus    

The constellation pictured is known as Eridanus. This constellation is located in the northern hemisphere. Eridanus represents a river, that is why it has no distinct shape. The constellation's name is the Ancient Greek name for the river Po in Italy. The constellation Eridanus is associated with the myth of Phaeton and is depicted as a river because it is the water flowing from the constellation Aquarius. Eridanus was first cataloged by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. This constellation contains a well-known star, Achernar. Eridanus also contains the Eridanus galaxies and the Witch Head nebula. This constellation the sixth largest constellation in the sky and is located in the southern hemisphere. This constellation contains a total of stars. Eridanus contains one of the largest supervoids ever discovered.
http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/

The constellation pictured is known as Libra. This constellation is called the Scale, which symbolizes divine justice, harmony, and balance. In winter, this constellation can be found in the southern hemisphere. The two brightest stars in the constellation are known as Spica and Antares. The sun passes in front of the constellation from about October 30-November 24. In ancient Babylonian's time apparently associated this constellation with balances and scales. Libra is the 29th largest constellation. The scales in the constellation are held by the Greek goddess of justice Dike. Libra contains three known stars with planets and does not have any Messier objects. There is one meteor shower associated with Libra, May Librids.

http://earthsky.org/constellations/libra-heres-your-constellation

 

The constellation pictured is called Aquila. Aquila is called the Eagle. The brightest star in Aquila is Altair, "the Eagle," a white star that is about 17 light years away from the Earth. This star is the southern most point of the Summer Triangle. Altair is also the 12th brightest star in the sky.  Aquila is located fourth quadrant in the northern hemisphere near the equator. This constellation represents the eagle of the Roman god Jupiter in mythology. The constellation was first discovered in by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. Aquila is the 22nd largest star constellation in the sky. Aquila contains seven stars with known planets. There are two meteor showers associated with Aquila: the June Aquilids and the Epsilon Aquilids.
http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/

The constellation pictured is called Lepus. Lepus represents a hare this being hunted by the Orion and chased by the nearby dogs, Canis Major and Minor. this constellation lies just below celestial equator in the southern hemisphere.  Lepus was one of the constellations discovered by the second century astronomer Ptolemy. This constellation is the 51st largest and is best seen in February, but can be seen anytime during the winter time. M79, a globular star cluster, is the only Messier object located in this constellation. Lepus contains one star with a known planet. Lepus contains a total of 8 stars. No meteor showers are associated with Lepus. The brightest star in Lepus is Arneb. 

 http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/ 

http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/Constellations/Lepus.php

The moon is pictured in the first quarter phase. When the moon is in the first quarter the right side of the moon is lit up. This phase is between the waxing crescent and waxing gibbous phase. The first quarter moon rises at noon and sets around midnight the next day. The moon is overhead at noon. The reason that it's not called the first half is because the moon is only one quarter of its way around the orbit of the earth. The first quarter moon comes about a week after the new moon from the previous week. The best way to describe this is that the moon is 90 degrees angle with respect to the earth and sun. The moon goes through a complete phase cycle in about a month, The lunation cycle takes approximately 29 days to complete. 

http://earthsky.org/moon-phases/first-quarter

This constellation pictured is known as Hercules Cluster or M13. This cluster is known to be the best cluster in the northern hemisphere, Hercules Cluster is found in a star pattern called the Keystone, which is located between the two brightest stars Vega and Arcturus. Globular star clusters area huge globe-shaped section filled with hundreds-thousands of stars. Globular clusters are tightly held together by gravity unlike open clusters. Hercules Cluster is best seen with a telescope. Hercules Cluster was named after the famous comet hunter, Charles Messier. Charles first discovered this constellation in 1764. Of the 250 globular clusters in the northern hemisphere, Hercules Cluster is the biggest by far. This cluster is made of gas and dust rich, star-forming spiral galaxies. A blue tint is usually given off by this constellation. 

http://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/m13-finest-globular-cluster-in-northern-skies

This constellation pictured here is known as Orion Nebula. In order to find Orion Nebula. you must first find the constellation Orion. In the northern hemisphere during the winter months is when this is seen the easiest. Orion Nebula is easily visible due the three stars that make up Orion's belt. Midway down Orion's Sword you can then find Orion Nebula. Nebulae are described as clouds of interstellar gases and dust. Nebulae are very difficult to see with the naked eye, so it is necessary to use binoculars to find them. Orion Nebula, however, is different from the Nebula because it is visible to the naked eye. Orion Nebula is approximately 1,300 light years away from the Earth. In 2012, astronomers found within Orion Nebula a cluster of stars. They believe that at the center of this cluster contains a black hole. Orion Nebula has four primary stars. Pictures of Orion Nebula normally have a greenish tint with some red and violet colors. 

http://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/orion-nebula-jewel-in-orions-sword

This constellation pictures is known as Perseus. Perseus can be found in the northern hemisphere. Perseus is located next the constellation Cassiopeia, which I published about a days ago. Perseus can also be called Perseus the Hero. The peak time that Perseus is visible is in the autumn and winter time. Of the stars in Perseus, Mirfak is the brightest star. The most well-known of the stars in Perseus is Algol, the Demon Star. Perseus is considered to be cirfumpolar from about 40 degrees N latitude. Perseus was named by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. In Greek mythology, Perseus was the son of Danae. Perseus is bordered by Aries and Taurus. In total, Perseus is composed on 19 different stars, but only a few are visible to the naked eye. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/

This constellation pictured is known as Sagittarius Teapot. The Sagittarius Teapot's position marks the center of the Milky Way and of the galactic center. The Milky Way is at its densest near the Sagittarius Teapot. The Teapot is made up of 8 different stars. The Teapot can be visible in the northern hemisphere. The Teapot is known as an asterism, meaning that it is a star formation that is not a recognized constellation. An asterism also means that its an obvious grouping of stars, but it's not big enough to be a constellation. The best time that the Teapot is visible is towards the middle of the year. At this point, it reaches its highest point in the sky, so it is easily visible. The Sagittarius Teapot was first discovered by a 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. The Sagittarius is usually symbolized with a centaur drawing a bow.   

http://earthsky.org/favorite-star-patterns/teapot-of-sagittarius-points-to-galactic-center

The constellation pictured is known as the Great Square of Pegasus. This constellation can be seen in mid September and November at night. It is positioned in the east to northeast position in the sky. The Great Square of Pegasus is made up of four stars. Scheat, Alpheratz , Markab, and Algenib. This constellation is easy to find from the position of the North Star. The Great Square of Pegasus is similar to the Big Dipper in the way that it is used to find other constellation and galaxies. The Great Square of Pegasus is made up of many small stars, but the four that are seen by the eye are the easiest to see. In Greek mythology, Pegasus was a winged horse. 

http://earthsky.org/favorite-star-patterns/great-square-of-pegasus-wings-in-sept-equinox 

This constellation pictured is known as Orion. Orion was named after the hunter in Greek mythology. This constellation is visible between November and February in the southwest sky in the northern hemisphere. Alnilam, Mintaka, and Alnitak are the stars the form the belt. Betegeuse, is the second brightest star in this constellation. Orion has a special formation, which is called Orion Nebula. This formation is made of dust, hydrogen, helium, and other gases. This formation is not a star. Other stars that are included are Hatsya, Meissa, Saiph, and Rigel. All but one of the stars in Orion are young bright blue stars. The other one star that is not blue is red. Many culture use the mythology behind Orion is different ways. 

https://stardate.org/nightsky/constellations/orion 

What is pictured is the brightest star visible in the sky on the night November 10th is the star known as Capella. Capella is very similar to the Sun in that their brightness and color are almost the exact same. Capella is the brightest yellow star visible in the sky at night. Capella actually consists of two stars, Capella A and B. They emit 50-80x more light than the sun. Currently Capella is in a transitional phase. This phase of them being smaller, hotter stars to larger, cooler stars. If far enough to the north, Capella can be seen year round. Capella is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga the Charioteer. The four other stars that make up this constellation are known as Beta, Theta, Kappa, and Gamma. This constellation is named after the Greek god Posideon. 

http://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/capella-is-the-stellar-beacon-of-auriga-the-charioteer

This constellation pictured is known as Lacerta. Between the dates on November 8-10, it is visible around dawn. Lacerta, the Lizard was created by a Polish astronomer named Johannes Hevelius in 1687. Interestingly enough, Lacerata does not name after any kind of mythology. The two stars that Lactera falls between are Cygnus and Andromeda. This constellation runs through the Milky Way. The constellation has been called the "Little Cassiopeia" because the brightest star forms the "W" shape in the Cassiopeia constellation. Lacerta is located in the fourth quadrant of the northern hemisphere. Lacerta has four stars within the constellation. 

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/

This constellation that in picture is Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia shows up in the northeast at this time of the month of November. This constellation is named after the Greek queen, Cassiopeia. This particular queen had the reputation for talking about her beauty. Cassiopeia was named by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy. Cassiopeia remains one of the eighty-eight modern constellations today. If viewed from the north, Cassiopeia has a certain M-shape to it. If viewed from the south, Cassiopeia has a certain W-shape to it. Cassiopeia is formed by five bright stars. The five stars of Cassiopeia are: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon Cassiopeia. There are two Messier objects contained in Cassiopeia. 

http://www.space.com/29132-cassiopeia-the-banished-queen-of-constellations.html

http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/

This is a picture of Jupiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter's atmosphere is very similar to that of the sun's atmosphere. Jupiter's physical characteristics consist of dark and light belts. The reason these bands exist is because the winds speeds on Jupiter get to such a high speed. There are also white clouds in this area are made up of crystals of frozen ammonia. Jupiter is also known for having a "Great Red Spot." The "Great Red Spot" came about almost 300 years ago due to a hurricane-like storm. The Greeks named Jupiter after the Greek king Zeus. Zeus was known for being the king of the Greek pantheon. In 1610, Galileo discovered Jupiter's four major moons. The four major moons are lo, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
http://nineplanets.org/jupiter.html

This constellation is known as Ursa Minor or it may also be called the "Little Dipper." The stars that make up this constellation are known as the "Little Dipper." This can also be translated as "Little Bear." When talking about its position in the sky, it can be best seen in June. Ursa Minor visibility is best between 90 and -10 degrees. Ursa Minor contains 7 total stars. The best known star in Ursa Minor is Polaris. This star is the closet to the North Pole. The latitude of this constellation made it very easy to navigate the sea because of its positioning. The first discovery of Ursa Minor was from a Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus in 6th century BC.
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Ursa_Minor.html

The moon is at the third quarter position in this picture. This phase of the moon comes around three weeks after the last new moon, When the moon orbits around the Earth, it does this in a way where there are quarter sections. Once this quarter has passed the moon will slowly get closer to the sun. This quarter can be a good guide to see to see the Earth's direction of motion with the sun. This phase will rise around midnight and set around noon the next day.

Work Cited:
http://earthsky.org/moon-phases/understandingmoonphases